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@@ -1,201 +1,318 @@
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[[resp]]
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== Sending a response
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-The Req object also allows you to send a response.
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+The response must be sent using the Req object.
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-You can only send one response. Any other attempt will
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-trigger a crash. The response may be sent in one go or
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-with its body streamed by chunks of arbitrary size.
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+Cowboy provides two different ways of sending responses:
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+either directly or by streaming the body. Response headers
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+and body may be set in advance. The response is sent as
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+soon as one of the reply or stream reply function is
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+called.
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-You can also set headers or the response body in advance
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-and Cowboy will use them when you finally do reply.
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+Cowboy also provides a simplified interface for sending
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+files. It can also send only specific parts of a file.
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+
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+While only one response is allowed for every request,
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+HTTP/2 introduced a mechanism that allows the server
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+to push additional resources related to the response.
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+This chapter also describes how this feature works in
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+Cowboy.
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=== Reply
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-You can send a reply with no particular headers or body.
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-Cowboy will make sure to send the mandatory headers with
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-the response.
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+Cowboy provides three functions for sending the entire reply,
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+depending on whether you need to set headers and body. In all
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+cases, Cowboy will add any headers required by the protocol
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+(for example the date header will always be sent).
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+
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+When you need to set only the status code,
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+use `cowboy_req:reply/2`:
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[source,erlang]
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:reply(200, Req).
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+Req = cowboy_req:reply(200, Req0).
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-You can define headers to be sent with the response. Note
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-that header names must be lowercase. Again, Cowboy will
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-make sure to send the mandatory headers with the response.
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+When you need to set response headers at the same time,
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+use `cowboy_req:reply/3`:
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[source,erlang]
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----
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:reply(303, [
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- {<<"location">>, <<"http://ninenines.eu">>}
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-], Req).
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+Req = cowboy_req:reply(303, #{
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+ <<"location">> => <<"http://ninenines.eu">>
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+}, Req0).
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----
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-You can override headers that Cowboy would send otherwise.
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-Any header set by the user will be used over the ones set
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-by Cowboy. For example, you can advertise yourself as a
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-different server.
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+Note that the header name must always be a lowercase
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+binary.
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+
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+When you also need to set the response body,
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+use `cowboy_req:reply/4`:
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[source,erlang]
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----
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:reply(200, [
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- {<<"server">>, <<"yaws">>}
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-], Req).
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+Req = cowboy_req:reply(200, #{
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+ <<"content-type">> => <<"text/plain">>
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+}, "Hello world!", Req0).
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----
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-We also saw earlier how to force close the connection by
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-overriding the connection header.
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+You should always set the content-type header when the
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+response has a body. There is however no need to set
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+the content-length header; Cowboy does it automatically.
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-Finally, you can also send a body with the response. Cowboy
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-will automatically set the content-length header if you do.
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-We recommend that you set the content-type header so the
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-client may know how to read the body.
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+The response body and the header values must be either
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+a binary or an iolist. An iolist is a list containing
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+binaries, characters, strings or other iolists. This
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+allows you to build a response from different parts
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+without having to do any concatenation:
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[source,erlang]
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----
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:reply(200, [
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- {<<"content-type">>, <<"text/plain">>}
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-], "Hello world!", Req).
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+Title = "Hello world!",
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+Body = <<"Hats off!">>,
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+Req = cowboy_req:reply(200, #{
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+ <<"content-type">> => <<"text/html">>
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+}, ["<html><head><title>", Title, "</title></head>",
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+ "<body><p>", Body, "</p></body></html>"], Req0).
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----
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-Here is the same example but sending HTML this time.
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+This method of building responses is more efficient than
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+concatenating. Behind the scenes, each element of the list
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+is simply a pointer, and those pointers are used directly
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+when writing to the socket.
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-[source,erlang]
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-----
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:reply(200, [
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- {<<"content-type">>, <<"text/html">>}
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-], "<html><head>Hello world!</head><body><p>Hats off!</p></body></html>", Req).
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-----
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+=== Stream reply
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-Note that the reply is sent immediately.
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+Cowboy provides two functions for initiating a response,
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+and an additional function for streaming the response body.
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+Cowboy will add any required headers to the response.
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-=== Chunked reply
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+// @todo For HTTP/1.1 Cowboy should probably not use chunked transfer-encoding if the content-length is set.
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-You can also stream the response body. First, you need to
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-initiate the reply by sending the response status code.
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-Then you can send the body in chunks of arbitrary size.
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+When you need to set only the status code,
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+use `cowboy_req:stream_reply/2`:
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[source,erlang]
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:chunked_reply(200, Req),
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-cowboy_req:chunk("Hello...", Req2),
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-cowboy_req:chunk("chunked...", Req2),
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-cowboy_req:chunk("world!!", Req2).
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+----
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+Req = cowboy_req:stream_reply(200, Req0),
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-You should make sure to match on `ok` as an error may be
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-returned.
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+cowboy_req:stream_body("Hello...", nofin, Req),
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+cowboy_req:stream_body("chunked...", nofin, Req),
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+cowboy_req:stream_body("world!!", fin, Req).
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+----
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+
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+The second argument to `cowboy_req:stream_body/3` indicates
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+whether this data terminates the body. Use `fin` for the
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+final flag, and `nofin` otherwise.
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-While it is possible to send a chunked response without
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-a content-type header, it is still recommended. You can
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-set this header or any other just like for normal replies.
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+This snippet does not set a content-type header. This is
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+not recommended. All responses with a body should have
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+a content-type. The header can be set beforehand, or
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+using the `cowboy_req:stream_reply/3`:
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[source,erlang]
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----
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:chunked_reply(200, [
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- {<<"content-type">>, <<"text/html">>}
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-], Req),
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-cowboy_req:chunk("<html><head>Hello world!</head>", Req2),
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-cowboy_req:chunk("<body><p>Hats off!</p></body></html>", Req2).
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+Req = cowboy_req:stream_reply(200, #{
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+ <<"content-type">> => <<"text/html">>
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+}, Req0),
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+
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+cowboy_req:stream_body("<html><head>Hello world!</head>", nofin, Req),
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+cowboy_req:stream_body("<body><p>Hats off!</p></body></html>", fin, Req).
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----
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-Note that the reply and each chunk following it are sent
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-immediately.
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+HTTP provides a few different ways to stream response bodies.
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+Cowboy will select the most appropriate one based on the HTTP
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+version and the request and response headers.
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+
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+While not required by any means, it is recommended that you
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+set the content-length header in the response if you know it
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+in advance. This will ensure that the best response method
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+is selected and help clients understand when the response
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+is fully received.
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+
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+// @todo Document trailers here.
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=== Preset response headers
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-You can define response headers in advance. They will be
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-merged into the headers given in the reply call. Headers
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-in the reply call override preset response headers which
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-override the default Cowboy headers.
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+Cowboy provides functions to set response headers without
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+immediately sending them. They are stored in the Req object
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+and sent as part of the response when a reply function is
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+called.
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+
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+To set response headers:
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[source,erlang]
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:set_resp_header(<<"allow">>, "GET", Req).
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+Req = cowboy_req:set_resp_header(<<"allow">>, "GET", Req0).
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+
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+Header names must be a lowercase binary.
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-You can check if a response header has already been set.
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-This will only check the response headers that you set,
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-and not the ones Cowboy will add when actually sending
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-the reply.
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+Do not use this function for setting cookies. Refer to
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+the xref:cookies[Cookies] chapter for more information.
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+
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+To check if a response header has already been set:
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[source,erlang]
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cowboy_req:has_resp_header(<<"allow">>, Req).
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-It will return `true` if the header is defined, and `false`
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-otherwise.
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+It returns `true` if the header was set, `false` otherwise.
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-Finally, you can also delete a preset response header if
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-needed. If you do, it will not be sent.
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+To delete a response header that was set previously:
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[source,erlang]
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:delete_resp_header(<<"allow">>, Req).
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+Req = cowboy_req:delete_resp_header(<<"allow">>, Req0).
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-=== Preset response body
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+=== Overriding headers
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-You can set the response body in advance. Note that this
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-body will be ignored if you then choose to send a chunked
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-reply, or if you send a reply with an explicit body.
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+As Cowboy provides different ways of setting response
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+headers and body, clashes may occur, so it's important
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+to understand what happens when a header is set twice.
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-[source,erlang]
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:set_resp_body("Hello world!", Req).
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+Headers come from five different origins:
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+
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+* Protocol-specific headers (for example HTTP/1.1's connection header)
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+* Other required headers (for example the date header)
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+* Preset headers
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+* Headers given to the reply function
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+* Set-cookie headers
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+
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+Cowboy does not allow overriding protocol-specific headers.
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+
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+Set-cookie headers will always be appended at the end of
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+the list of headers before sending the response.
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+
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+Headers given to the reply function will always override
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+preset headers and required headers. If a header is found
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+in two or three of these, then the one in the reply function
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+is picked and the others are dropped.
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-You can also set a fun that will be called when it is time
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-to send the body. There are three different ways of doing
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-that.
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+Similarly, preset headers will always override required
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+headers.
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-If you know the length of the body that needs to be sent,
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-you should specify it, as it will help clients determine
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-the remaining download time and allow them to inform the
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-user.
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+To illustrate, look at the following snippet. Cowboy by
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+default sends the server header with the value "Cowboy".
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+We can override it:
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[source,erlang]
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----
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-F = fun (Socket, Transport) ->
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- Transport:send(Socket, "Hello world!")
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-end,
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:set_resp_body_fun(12, F, Req).
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+Req = cowboy_req:reply(200, #{
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+ <<"server">> => <<"yaws">>
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+}, Req0).
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----
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-If you do not know the length of the body, you should use
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-a chunked response body fun instead.
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+=== Preset response body
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+
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+Cowboy provides functions to set the response body without
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+immediately sending it. It is stored in the Req object and
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+sent when the reply function is called.
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+
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+To set the response body:
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[source,erlang]
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-----
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-F = fun (SendChunk) ->
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- Body = lists:duplicate(random:uniform(1024, $a)),
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- SendChunk(Body)
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-end,
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:set_resp_body_fun(chunked, F, Req).
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-----
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+Req = cowboy_req:set_resp_body("Hello world!", Req0).
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+
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+// @todo Yeah we probably should add that function that
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+// also sets the content-type at the same time...
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-Finally, you can also send data on the socket directly,
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-without knowing the length in advance. Cowboy may be
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-forced to close the connection at the end of the response
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-though depending on the protocol capabilities.
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+To check if a response body has already been set:
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+
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+[source,erlang]
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+cowboy_req:has_resp_body(Req).
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+
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+It returns `true` if the body was set and is non-empty,
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+`false` otherwise.
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+
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+// @todo We probably should also have a function that
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+// properly removes the response body, including any
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+// content-* headers.
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+
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+The preset response body is only sent if the reply function
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+used is `cowboy_req:reply/2` or `cowboy_req:reply/3`.
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+
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+=== Sending files
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+
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+Cowboy provides a shortcut for sending files. When
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+using `cowboy_req:reply/4`, or when presetting the
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+response header, you can give a `sendfile` tuple to
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+Cowboy:
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+
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+[source,erlang]
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+{sendfile, Offset, Length, Filename}
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+
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+Depending on the values for `Offset` or `Length`, the
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+entire file may be sent, or just a part of it.
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+
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+The length is required even for sending the entire file.
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+Cowboy sends it in the content-length header.
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+
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+To send a file while replying:
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[source,erlang]
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----
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-F = fun (Socket, Transport) ->
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- Body = lists:duplicate(random:uniform(1024, $a)),
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- Transport:send(Socket, Body)
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-end,
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-Req2 = cowboy_req:set_resp_body_fun(F, Req).
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+Req = cowboy_req:reply(200, #{
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+ <<"content-type">> => "image/png"
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+}, {sendfile, 0, 12345, "path/to/logo.png"}, Req0).
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----
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-=== Sending files
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+// @todo An example of presetting a file would be useful,
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+// but let's wait for the function that can set the
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+// content-type at the same time.
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+
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+// @todo What about streaming many files? For example
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+// it should be possible to build a tar file on the fly
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+// while still using sendfile. Another example could be
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+// proper support for multipart byte ranges. Yet another
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+// example would be automatic concatenation of CSS or JS
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+// files.
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+
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+=== Push
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+
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+The HTTP/2 protocol introduced the ability to push resources
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+related to the one sent in the response. Cowboy provides two
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+functions for that purpose: `cowboy_req:push/3,4`.
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+
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+Push is only available for HTTP/2. Cowboy will automatically
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+ignore push requests if the protocol doesn't support it.
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+
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+The push function must be called before any of the reply
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+functions. Doing otherwise will result in a crash.
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+
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+To push a resource, you need to provide the same information
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+as a client performing a request would. This includes the
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+HTTP method, the URI and any necessary request headers.
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-You can send files directly from disk without having to
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-read them. Cowboy will use the `sendfile` syscall when
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-possible, which means that the file is sent to the socket
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-directly from the kernel, which is a lot more performant
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-than doing it from userland.
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+Cowboy by default only requires you to give the path to
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+the resource and the request headers. The rest of the URI
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+is taken from the current request (excluding the query
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+string, set to empty) and the method is GET by default.
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-Again, it is recommended to set the size of the file if it
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-can be known in advance.
|
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+The following snippet pushes a CSS file that is linked to
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+in the response:
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[source,erlang]
|
|
|
----
|
|
|
-F = fun (Socket, Transport) ->
|
|
|
- Transport:sendfile(Socket, "priv/styles.css")
|
|
|
-end,
|
|
|
-Req2 = cowboy_req:set_resp_body_fun(FileSize, F, Req).
|
|
|
+cowboy_req:push("/static/style.css", #{
|
|
|
+ <<"accept">> => <<"text/css">>
|
|
|
+}, Req0),
|
|
|
+Req = cowboy_req:reply(200, #{
|
|
|
+ <<"content-type">> => <<"text/html">>
|
|
|
+}, ["<html><head><title>My web page</title>",
|
|
|
+ "<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='/static/style.css'>",
|
|
|
+ "<body><p>Welcome to Erlang!</p></body></html>"], Req0).
|
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
|
|
-Please see the Ranch guide for more information about
|
|
|
-sending files.
|
|
|
+To override the method, scheme, host, port or query string,
|
|
|
+simply pass in a fourth argument. The following snippet
|
|
|
+uses a different host name:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+[source,erlang]
|
|
|
+----
|
|
|
+cowboy_req:push("/static/style.css", #{
|
|
|
+ <<"accept">> => <<"text/css">>
|
|
|
+}, #{host => <<"cdn.example.org">>}, Req),
|
|
|
+----
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Pushed resources don't have to be files. As long as the push
|
|
|
+request is cacheable, safe and does not include a body, the
|
|
|
+resource can be pushed.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Under the hood, Cowboy handles pushed requests the same as
|
|
|
+normal requests: a different process is created which will
|
|
|
+ultimately send a response to the client.
|
Loïc Hoguin